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Page Title: What is a Gold Refinery? | ریفاینری طلا چیست؟ | What is a Gold Refinery? | ما هو تكرير الذهب؟| ما هو تكرير الذهب؟ Author: Laka Gold Content Team Date of Creation: August 1, 2025 Word Count: 15000+ | Lines: 260+ Writing Style: Combined, SEO-Oriented, Multilingual
What is a Gold Refinery?
A gold refinery is a facility where raw gold materials such as ore, concentrates, scrap jewelry, or impure gold bars are refined and purified into high-purity gold bullion, often certified by global authorities like the LBMA. Refining includes melting, chemical treatment, and electrolysis to separate gold from other metals and impurities.
Section 1 | General Definition of a Gold Refinery
A Gold Refinery is an industrial facility responsible for purifying and refining gold after extraction. Most miners in Iran and worldwide extract gold from gold ore or placer deposits. In many cases, extraction is open-pit and employs techniques such as cyanide leaching combined with activated carbon.
Gold obtained from these processes still contains impurities, including metals like silver, copper, iron, lead, and platinum.
The refinery acts as the purification unit where interfering materials are removed and gold reaches a purity of 999.9 (24-karat). Without this step, gold cannot be traded in global markets or listed on standard exchanges.
Section 2 | Professional Definition of a Gold Refinery (Industrial Audience)
A gold refinery is an advanced unit in the gold production chain that uses chemical reactions, thermal systems, and process control to separate gold from metallic and non-metallic impurities.
Typically, the refinery operates after the primary extraction stage and serves as a prerequisite for producing standardized gold bars for international markets.
Common Refining Methods:
- Aqua Regia Refining: Dissolving gold in a mixture of acids and separating it from silver, platinum, and other elements.
- Electrolytic Refining: High-purity gold production through electrolysis.
- Chlorination / Miller Process: Purification of gold from silver using chlorine gas.
- Parting: Chemical separation of silver using nitric acid.
Refineries are designed in different classes depending on capacity, technology, feedstock, and commercial goals: Laboratory, Semi-Industrial, and Full-Scale Industrial.
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Introduction: The Global Importance of Gold Refining
Gold has been a symbol of wealth, trade, and power for over 6000 years. From the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the financial centers of Dubai, London, and Zurich today, gold has always required purification before becoming a universal medium of exchange.
This purification process is conducted in a Gold Refinery — a facility where raw or impure gold is transformed into high-purity bullion. Without refining, gold extracted from ores, concentrates, or scrap jewelry cannot be accepted in global markets, nor can it be certified by organizations such as the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA).
General Definition of a Gold Refinery
A gold refinery is an industrial facility where raw gold materials are processed, purified, and upgraded into internationally tradable gold bullion.
- Inputs: gold ore, concentrates, scrap jewelry, electronic waste, low-grade gold bars.
- Outputs: 99.5% gold bars (Miller), 99.99% bullion (Wohlwill), gold powder, granules, or LBMA-certified bars.
Formula for Gold Purity:
Purity(\%) = \frac{Mass_{Au}}{Mass_{Total}} \times 100
This equation highlights that refining is essentially the act of increasing the numerator (mass of pure gold) by removing the denominator’s impurities (silver, copper, iron, lead, mercury, etc.).
Professional / Industrial Definition
From an industrial and metallurgical perspective, a gold refinery is:
“An advanced processing unit where metallurgical, chemical, and physical techniques are applied to achieve maximum purity of gold, enabling compliance with international trading standards and certifications.”
Gold refining occurs after mining and smelting but before final trading and bullion certification. Without this stage, gold remains “dirty” and cannot be used in global banking or jewelry industries.
AI-Friendly / Scientific Definition
A gold refinery is an algorithmic process in metallurgical engineering where inputs (ore, cathodes, scrap) are processed through chemical equations, electrolysis, and thermodynamics to yield pure gold.
In Artificial Intelligence contexts, gold refining can be compared to data cleaning: removing noise, outliers, and impurities until the “pure signal” (24-karat gold) remains.
Types of Gold Refineries
Gold refineries differ in size, capacity, and purpose. They can be broadly classified as:
-
Laboratory / Research Refinery
- Capacity: < 1 kg/day
- Used in universities, R&D centers, and pilot projects
- Methods: Aqua Regia, small-scale electrolysis
- Users: researchers, jewelers, startups
-
Semi-Industrial Refinery
- Capacity: 1–20 kg/day
- Used by workshops, recycling facilities, SMEs
- Methods: Miller + Aqua Regia combinations
- Users: small-scale refiners, regional jewelers
-
Full-Scale Industrial Refinery
- Capacity: 50–500+ kg/day
- Automated plants with environmental & safety systems
- Can produce LBMA Good Delivery bars
- Users: mining companies, international exporters, central banks
Table 1 – Comparison of Refinery Types
| Type | Capacity (kg/day) | Technology Used | Main Users | Certification Potential |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory | < 1 | Aqua Regia, Electrolysis | Universities, R&D labs | No |
| Semi-Industrial | 1–20 | Miller, Aqua Regia | Small businesses, workshops | Regional |
| Industrial | 50–500+ | Miller, Wohlwill, Advanced | Mining corporations, exporters | LBMA, Global |
Flowchart – Generic Gold Refining Process
Gold Ore / Scrap → Crushing & Assaying → Smelting → Impure Bars → Refining (Chemical + Electrolysis) → Casting → 999.9 Pure Gold Bullion
Flow Sheet of a Modern Gold Refinery
In a modern refinery, the gold refining process is carried out step by step with automated equipment. The workflow begins with the feeding of raw material and continues until the production of standard gold bullion. The main units in the illustrated line are described below:
1. Feeding Unit
Raw materials such as impure gold bars, concentrates, or scrap gold are fed into the system and prepared for further processing.
2. Melting & Pre-Treatment Unit
The feed material is melted in specialized furnaces to prepare it for chemical refining.
3. Conveyor System
The conveyor system transfers materials continuously between different refinery units.
4. Chemical Refining Unit
In this stage, impurities are removed using chemical methods such as chlorination or acid leaching.
5. Leaching & Separation Unit
Chemical reactions in specific solutions allow gold to separate and precipitate in its pure form.
6. Filtration & Final Purification Unit
After washing and filtration, gold reaches its final purity of 99.99%.
7. Casting & Bullion Production Unit
In the final step, pure gold is melted and cast into standard bullion bars (Good Delivery Bars) according to international standards.
Step-by-Step Refining Workflow (Simplified)
- Sampling & Assay – Determining initial purity.
- Pre-Treatment – Removal of mercury, lead, or arsenic.
- Primary Refining – Aqua Regia or Miller process.
- Electrolytic Refining – Wohlwill process for 99.99%.
- Smelting & Casting – Standardized bars or granules.
- Certification & Packaging – LBMA standards.
Mathematical Representation of Gold Refining
Electrolytic deposition of gold can be expressed as:
Au^{3+} + 3e^- \rightarrow Au(s)
Where gold ions in solution gain electrons and deposit as solid gold on the cathode.
Sample Gold Refinery Contract – Downloadable Draft
Page Title: Gold Refining Methods & Equipment | روشها و تجهیزات ریفاینری طلا
Author: Laka Gold Content Team
Date of Creation: August 1, 2025
Word Count: ~5000
Lines: 360+
Writing Style: SEO-Oriented | Technical + Commercial
Scientific Level: Professional Metallurgy / Mining Engineering
Introduction
Once a gold refinery is established, the choice of refining method and equipment directly impacts purity, throughput, efficiency, and profitability.
Refineries around the world use different chemical, thermal, and electrochemical methods depending on capacity, feedstock type, and target market. Understanding these methods is critical for investors, operators, and mining companies.
Main Gold Refining Methods
1. Miller Process (Chlorination)
Definition:
A chlorination-based refining method where molten impure gold reacts with chlorine gas to form metal chlorides that separate from gold.
Key Features:
- Purity: ~99.5% gold
- Speed: Fast, suitable for large industrial operations
- Chemical reaction:
2Au + 3Cl_2 → 2AuCl_3
Equipment Required:
- High-temperature furnaces (>1000°C)
- Chlorine gas injection system
- Scrubber systems for toxic gases
- Crucibles and ladles for molten gold
Advantages:
- Rapid processing
- Handles large volumes
- Cost-effective for industrial scale
Limitations:
- Not sufficient for LBMA 99.99% purity
- Generates hazardous gas, requiring environmental controls
Diagram: Miller Process Flow
Impure Gold → Furnace → Chlorine Injection → Metal Chloride Separation → Molten Gold → Casting
2. Wohlwill Process (Electrolytic Refining)
Definition:
An electrolytic refining process producing 99.99% pure gold. Impure gold acts as the anode, and pure gold deposits on the cathode.
Reaction:
Au^{3+} + 3e^- \rightarrow Au(s)
Equipment Required:
- Electrolytic cells
- Platinum or titanium cathodes
- Acidic gold solution (chloroauric acid)
- Rectifiers for constant DC current
Advantages:
- Ultra-high purity (four nines)
- LBMA Good Delivery standard compatible
Limitations:
- Slower than Miller process
- Requires high-tech monitoring and chemistry control
Diagram: Wohlwill Process Flow
Impure Gold → Dissolution → Electrolytic Cell → Cathode Gold Deposition → Granules → Casting
3. Aqua Regia Refining
Definition:
Dissolving gold in a mixture of nitric acid (HNO₃) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Reaction:
Au + 3 HNO_3 + 4 HCl → HAuCl_4 + 3 NO_2 + 3 H_2O
Equipment:
- Corrosion-resistant tanks (glass-lined or PTFE)
- Stirring systems
- Fume extraction
- Filtration units
Advantages:
- Effective for scrap jewelry, electronic gold, and low-volume operations
- Can remove silver efficiently
Limitations:
- Slow and hazardous chemicals
- Needs skilled operators
4. Flux Melting
Definition:
Using fluxes (borax, silica) to remove base metals during melting.
Equation:
Gold + Flux + Heat → Pure Gold + Slag
Equipment:
- High-temperature crucibles (graphite or ceramic)
- Furnace (electric or gas)
- Flux dosing system
Advantages:
- Low-tech, inexpensive for small refineries
- Eco-friendlier than chlorination
Limitations:
- Purity usually 99.5–99.9%
- Not suitable for LBMA certification
5. Green Refining (Cyanide-Free)
Definition:
Modern eco-friendly methods using non-toxic reagents for refining small volumes.
Equipment:
- Chemical reactors
- Filtration units
- Recovery tanks
Advantages:
- Environmentally safe
- Can handle electronics and jewelry scrap
Limitations:
- Small capacity
- High reagent cost
Table 1 – Comparison of Refining Methods
| Method | Purity | Capacity | Cost | Environmental Impact | LBMA Ready? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miller | 99.5% | High | Low | Medium (chlorine gas) | No |
| Wohlwill | 99.99% | Medium-High | High | Medium | Yes |
| Aqua Regia | 99.9% | Low | Medium | High (acid fumes) | Limited |
| Flux Melting | 99.5–99.9% | Low-Medium | Low | Low | No |
| Green Refining | 99–99.5% | Low | High | Very Low | No |
Equipment List & Approximate Costs
Small Refinery (<1 kg/day)
- Furnace: $5,000
- Aqua Regia Tank: $3,000
- Filtration Press: $2,000
- Misc. Tools & PPE: $1,500
Total CAPEX: ~$11,500
Medium Refinery (1–20 kg/day)
- Furnace: $25,000
- Electrolytic Cells: $40,000
- Acid Tanks & Scrubber: $15,000
- Automation & Instrumentation: $20,000
Total CAPEX: ~$100,000
Large Industrial Refinery (50–500 kg/day)
- Multi-furnace Line: $250,000
- Electrolytic Plants: $400,000
- Environmental Scrubbers: $150,000
- Automation & Quality Labs: $200,000
Total CAPEX: ~$1M
OPEX varies from 5–20% of CAPEX annually depending on labor, utilities, and chemicals.
Diagram – Cost vs Capacity Curve
Capacity (kg/day) →
| Small | Medium | Large
Cost ($) ↑
| *
| *
| *
| *
- Small: low cost, low output
- Medium: balanced cost & output
- Large: high CAPEX, high capacity, LBMA-ready
Step-by-Step Example: Small Laboratory Refinery Workflow
- Scrap gold assay
- Mercury removal
- Aqua Regia dissolution
- Filtration
- Gold precipitation
- Drying & melting
- Casting into granules or 1 kg bars
Formula – Precipitation of Gold:
HAuCl_4 + Reducing~Agent → Au(s) + By-products
Call to Action (CTA)
Start Refining Today!
- Contact Gold Refinery | Laka Gold Laka Gold to get a customized solution for small, medium, or industrial refinery setups.
- Free consultation on CAPEX/OPEX, equipment selection, and environmental compliance.
Global Gold Refining Industry, Business Models & Investment
Page Title: Global Gold Refining & Investment Opportunities | بازار جهانی ریفاینری طلا و فرصتهای سرمایهگذاری
Author: Laka Gold Content Team
Date of Creation: August 1, 2025
Word Count: ~5000
Lines: 370+
Writing Style: SEO-Oriented | Commercial + Scientific
Scientific Level: Professional Metallurgy / Mining Economics
Introduction: The Global Gold Refining Landscape
Gold refining is a critical node in the global gold supply chain, linking mining operations with international bullion markets.
Major global refining hubs include:
- Dubai, UAE – Middle East hub, LBMA-approved
- Zurich & Switzerland – Swiss banks & refiners, LBMA-certified
- China & Hong Kong – High-volume industrial refineries
- Iran, Mongolia – Regional, small-to-medium-scale operations
A well-designed refinery ensures high purity, certification, and market acceptance, creating opportunities for profit, discounted bullion, and investment partnerships.
LBMA Certification & Global Standards
The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) is the world authority on gold and silver standards.
- Maintains the Good Delivery List of accredited refineries
- Requires minimum 99.5% purity for gold, weight 350–430 oz
- Ensures physical and chemical standards, traceability, and regulatory compliance
Implications for Investors:
- Gold refined in LBMA-approved facilities can enter international markets freely
- Non-certified gold has limited market access and lower liquidity
Flowchart – Certification Path:
Refinery → Assay → LBMA Inspection → Certification → Global Trade
Business Models in Gold Refining
1. Toll Refining
- Definition: Refinery processes external gold feedstock for a fee
- Revenue: Toll charge per kg or percentage of value
- Pros: Steady cash flow, low feedstock risk
- Cons: Dependent on customer supply
2. Own Refining
- Definition: Refinery owns feedstock (mines, scrap)
- Revenue: Sale of refined bullion at market price
- Pros: High margin, market control
- Cons: High CAPEX, inventory risk
3. Joint Ventures & Partnerships
- Definition: Collaborations with mining companies, investors, or governments
- Revenue: Shared profits, discounted access to gold
- Pros: Risk sharing, access to feedstock
- Cons: Requires complex agreements, legal oversight
Investment Opportunities
Discounted Gold Bars
- Investors supplying ore or gold can receive refined bullion at 2–50% discounts vs global prices
- Discounts vary based on refining method, volume, and market conditions
Mining + Refining Partnerships
- Laka Gold partners with investors to provide:
- Exploration and extraction
- Concentrate supply
- Refining plant operation
- Export-ready bullion
Diagram – Integrated Gold Supply Chain
Gold Mine → Ore/Concentrate → Refinery → LBMA Certification → Market → Investor / Client
Regional Market Analysis
Middle East & Dubai
- High trade volume, LBMA-approved refineries
- Popular for jewelry, bullion trading, and export
Switzerland & Europe
- Strong banking system + LBMA certification
- Premium for high-purity bars
China & Asia
- Large-scale industrial refineries
- Fast processing, local certification standards
Iran & Mongolia
- Emerging refining market
- Small/medium refineries, opportunity for discounted bullion
- Investors can directly access feedstock and refining operations
Case Study: Laka Gold Refinery – Iran & Mongolia
Project Scope:
- Pilot plant refining 1–20 kg/day
- Medium-scale industrial setup for export-ready bullion
- LBMA Good Delivery certification preparation
Workflow:
- Gold ore from regional mines
- Pre-treatment & mercury removal
- Miller or Aqua Regia refining
- Wohlwill electrolytic finishing
- Casting into bars
- LBMA inspection & export
Investor Benefits:
- Discounted gold between 5–30%
- Direct access to refinery operations
- Participation in high-demand export markets
Global Gold Price Dynamics
- LBMA Gold Price (USD/oz) is reference worldwide
- Prices fluctuate based on:
- Global demand
- Monetary policy & interest rates
- Geopolitical risk
- Supply from mines and recyclers
Table – Sample Gold Prices (USD/oz)
| Region | Spot Price | Premium / Discount | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dubai | 2,100 | ±0% | LBMA trading hub |
| Switzerland | 2,105 | +0.5% | High purity market |
| China | 2,090 | -0.5% | Large industrial volume |
| Iran/Mongolia | 2,080 | -1 to -5% | Emerging refinery market |
Risk Management & Compliance
- Environmental regulations: emissions control, waste disposal
- Safety: chemical handling, furnace operation
- Market risk: price volatility, geopolitical instability
- Certification risk: LBMA approval, traceability
Formula – Projected Profit (Simplified)
Profit = (Refined~Gold~Value - Feedstock~Cost - OPEX - CAPEX\%)/Year
FAQs – Investors & Clients
-
Can I invest in a small refinery?
Yes, Laka Gold offers partnerships in semi-industrial setups with discounted bullion returns. -
Is LBMA certification mandatory?
For global trade, yes. Regional sales may allow non-certified bars. -
How fast is the refinery ROI?
Typically 1–3 years depending on volume, method, and gold price trends. -
Can electronic scrap be refined?
Yes, via Aqua Regia or Green Refining methods.
Call to Action (CTA)
Partner with Laka Gold – Your Gateway to Gold Refining & Investment
- Invest in a gold refinery: Small, Medium, or Industrial scale
- Access discounted bullion (2–50% below global price)
- Participate in regional mining & refining projects
- Contact Laka Gold Team via email, WhatsApp, or our website form
CTA Example:
- Button: “Get Your Custom Refinery Proposal”
- Button: “Download Investor Guide – Gold Refining 202
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Inputs & Outputs
Inputs:
- Gold ore
- Gold concentrate
- Scrap jewelry
- Electronic gold
- Unrefined gold bars
Outputs:
- 99.5% gold bars
- 99.99% (Four Nines) bars
- LBMA-certified bullion
- Gold powder and granules
Gold Refinery – Process Description of a Sample Refinery in Iran
Gold and silver extraction from concentrates or gold-bearing cathodes is the primary function of a gold refinery (gold mining factory). A refinery depends on the supply of feed material such as gold cathodes, gold concentrates, molten gold, low-grade gold, or recycled gold artifacts in order to produce high-purity gold bullion.
The refining process usually begins with the weighing and assaying of the input materials. Cathodes or concentrates are measured (typically divided into one-kilogram lots) and their fineness is determined, usually ranging from 995 to 999 purity.
It should be noted that in the jewelry industry, “18 karat gold” is most common, produced by alloying pure 24 karat gold with metals such as copper and nickel. This not only makes the gold harder and suitable for jewelry (rings, bangles, chains, earrings, etc.), but also reduces cost while enabling jewelers to charge for craftsmanship. However, in refining, the ultimate goal is to achieve 24 karat pure gold (999 bullion) by removing impurities such as silver and mercury.
Step 1: Mercury Removal
Gold cathodes often contain traces of mercury. The concentrate is placed in a mercury furnace, where mercury is volatilized and separated. This stage usually takes about 24 hours.
Step 2: Mixer 1 (Acid Dissolution)
The treated material is mixed with an acid solution. Agitation dissolves metals soluble in acid. The slurry is then filtered using a filter press, producing a solution rich in metal sulfates (waste solution) and a solid filter cake containing gold and silver.
Duration: ~14 hours
Step 3: Mixer 2 (Aqua Regia Treatment)
The filter cake is treated with aqua regia. During this stage, gold dissolves completely, while silver precipitates. After filtration, the filtrate (solution) is transferred to Mixer 3, containing dissolved gold and minor impurities. The filter cake mainly contains silver precipitate. Duration: ~5 hours
Step 4: Mixer 3 (Gold Precipitation)
A strong reducing agent is added to precipitate metallic gold from the solution. The gold powder is then separated by filtration and transferred to the smelting section. Duration: ~5 hours
Silver Refining
The silver-rich cake from Mixer 2 is mixed with chemicals and melted at over 800°C, producing silver granules or crude silver bars (85–96% purity). These are remelted into anodes and refined electrolytically. Pure silver is deposited at the cathode in powder form, which is later melted and cast into bullion, rods, or granules, according to market demand.
Gold Smelting and Casting
The gold powder from Mixer 3 is melted at over 1000°C. Fluxes are added to remove residual impurities. The molten gold is cast into grain form (gold granules) for accurate weighing. The granules are weighed precisely and divided into 1 kg batches, which are then remelted and cast into standard 1 kg gold bullion bars. Each bar is weighed, stamped, carefully packaged, and delivered to the market.
LBMA – The Global Authority
The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) is the world’s central authority on physical gold and silver standards.
- Maintains the Good Delivery List for accredited gold/silver refineries.
- Certifies refineries that meet purity, weight, and physical standard requirements.
- Gold Bars: Must be 99.5% minimum purity, weight between 350–430 oz.
- Silver Bars: Must be 99.9% purity.
- LBMA prices (LBMA Gold Price, LBMA Silver Price) are used globally for pricing bullion.
Refineries must be LBMA-approved for their gold to be accepted in global trade.
FAQs – Gold Refining Industry
- What are the major refining methods?
- How does a small refinery differ from an industrial one?
- Where can I buy LBMA-certified gold?
- Is gold refining profitable in countries without local LBMA refineries?
- How long does it take from mine to bar?
Our Mines and Investment Opportunities
LAKA GOLD owns high-grade gold mines in Iran and other regions. Investors can participate in joint projects, acquire high-purity bullion at competitive prices, and engage in two-way service partnerships across refining operations.
INVITATION TO JOIN THE AUCTION OF THE TOP ONE GOLD MINE
Gold Refineries in Dubai
- Emirates Gold Refinery
- Al Etihad Gold
- Kaloti Precious Metals
- Gulf Gold Refinery
All of them are LBMA-compliant and export high-purity bullion.
Full Refinery Process: From Ore to Bar
- Sample Collection: From ore, concentrate, or scrap
- Initial Assay: Fire assay, XRF, ICP
- Pre-Treatment: Drying, milling, homogenizing
- First Refining: Miller process or flux melting
- Final Refining: Electrolysis (Wohlwill) for 99.99% purity
- Casting: Standard molds
- Certification: By recognized assayers or in-house labs
Benefits of Refinery in Iran
- No industrial competitors in the country
- Over 300 producers (jewelry, scrap, workshops) with accessible feedstock
- Large amount of scrap and recycled gold
- High profit margins due to local price gap for unrefined gold
Discounted Gold – 2% to 50%
Investors who participate in supplying gold ore or mining operations can receive refined bullion at discounts between 2% to 50% compared to global rates.
Laka’s Services: End-to-End Gold Solutions
We handle the entire lifecycle of gold:
- Gold exploration and extraction
- Supply of ore and concentrate
- Refinery plant design and operation
- Production of export-ready bullion
Partner with us for mining, refining, and exporting gold.
Suggested Menu for This Page
- What is Gold Refining?
- Scientific & AI Definitions
- Miller & Wohlwill Processes
- Dubai & Global Refineries
- LBMA Certification Guide
- Buy Discounted Bullion
- Contact & Investment Info
Top 10 Gold Refineries & Emerging Players Worldwide
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Tel : +985137665005
Management:Mr. Alireza Sistanizadeh Aghdam
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